Transformer Manufacturers in Bangalore Electricity is a kind of energy which is used in homes and industries for different purpose. Due to the wide usage, it is considered to be a vital part of life. The flow of the energy has to be stable because any kind of fluctuation can cause problem and sometimes it can also be a major issue Rigid flex PCB. This energy is controlled by transformers so that there is no fluctuation when electricity is supplied to different locations. Transformers are of various types and some of them are:
1. Power Transformers: These transformers are manufactured using the latest technology to ensure better service in electricity and engineering industries. You will find 3 Phase power transformers to sustain high load, Isolation transformers to protect against noise disturbance which is caused when electricity flows and the phase transformers.
2. Control Transformers: These transformers are used basically to convert high power into lower voltage. They have a device which helps in transferring energy from one to another circuit. There is a coil inside the transformer which helps in controlling the powder supply. You will find different types of control transformers in the market and can sustain different powder of energy. You can buy transformers depending on your need.
3. Auto Transformers: This is widely used because of its efficiency and lower cost Rigid flex Board. Very little copper is used to manufacture these transformers and it provides a much better voltage regulation.
4. Isolation Transformer: This transformer is mostly used to protect sensitive equipments like computers and other medical equipments. It controls the fluctuation of electricity which is very important to run these equipments smoothly. Multiple shield technology used for manufacturing the transformer helps in controlling the input voltage and brings it down to a useful level.
5. PCB Mountable Transformers: These electricity control device are known to work for a longer duration and can control high load. They also provide noise free service.
6. SMPS Ferrite Transformers: These high quality transformers are widely used by electricity and engineering industries because they deal with high voltage and need to control it to protect their appliances.
7. High Voltage Transformers: These transformers are manufactured using high quality material to make sure that they are durable and can sustain high power flow.
Trans Care is one the leading transformer manufacturers in Bangalore. The company was established in the year 2000 and their transformers provide guaranteed maintenance, and free service. The high quality materials used in these transformers also make them highly durable. Related Links
summer-training in autocad-catia, vlsi-matlab, embedded-robotics Priganik Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is an ISO 9001:2008 Certified efficient Electronics Training and Development Company, working towards the best career prospect of the growing engineers.
Priganik provides 3/6 Months 4/6 Weeks Project Based Industrial Training to All B.E/B.Tech students , M.Tech Thesis | Dissertation on self-support basis. We have tide-up with various Engineering colleges in the form of Project/Industrial/In-House Training to provide the high-end training and development program
PRIGANIK offers a wide spectrum of technical courses and application courses designed to suit every skill level, as well as the ability to consult directly with organizations to tailor made learning plans for any number of employees. Our products and services have a wide appeal and are applicable to those in varied positions including embedded design engineer, embedded developer, systems architects, test engineers, software developers, help desk staff, IT managers, senior executives, administrative assistants and business professionals.
PRIGANIK's leading IT-Education provider, equips learners with actionable knowledge, getting the right learning to the right people at the right time With PRIGANIK, you can accelerate and certify the skills of a globally dispersed staff with standardized course materials through every stage of the IT learning curve.
PRIGANIK's services: PRIGANIK is into three major segments: 1.TRAINING Project Based: - We provide project based training on various latest and upcoming technologies like Embedded System, Advance Embedded Systems (PIC, ARM, AVR), VLSI-Design & Verification, Robotics, VHDL, Verilog-HDL, Systems Verilog (HVL), Analog Circuit Designing(Spice Simulation), MSP430, PCB Designing, Lab-View, MATLAB, Cyber Security, etc. Corporate Training: - At PRIGANIK, we provide corporate education and custom-content training solutions to some of the India's largest private and public sector organizations flex PCB. We serve our clients in various sectors such as Embedded Systems, VLSI-Design & Verification, information technology, education, professional services etc. 2.DEVELOPMENT We have created embedded based products, VLSI based projects and web based solutions for many different types of businesses. 3.CONSULTANCY PRIGANIK is a global consulting and technology services company specializing in industry-specific solutions, strategic outsourcing and integration services. Our consultancy and manpower supply services are an added advantage for our students. PRIGANIK's Training packages: PRIGANIK is specialized in imparting different types of training according to the needs of the Institute and students, namely: *2/4/6 WEEKS TRAINING Students undergo training on latest technologies at college campus (onsite) or at PRIGANIK Campus (offsite). Students are given real time exposure on LIVE Project that helps them gain in-depth knowledge of the technology. *3/6 MONTHS PROJECT BASED TRAINING Students in final year are worried about placement during 6-months training. Our Project Based Training Program is a process that starts with training based on live project and moves along the path of preparing the trainees for Interviews with the help of Industry Experts (Technical Interviews). *CUSTOMIZED PROGRAMS PRIGANIK also specializes in providing customized programs on various technologies, as per the requirement of the students/management or college. 6 MONTHS PROJECT BASED INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT PRIGANIK: The 6 Months Project Based Industrial Training is an exhaustive program on any of the chosen technology that equips the students with the in-depth knowledge of that technology with the hands on experience while working on the Live Projects Rigid flex PCB. These programs are actually a golden opportunity for the students to learn some technologies which are not a part of their curriculum, which in turn catalyzes the smooth transition from college to workplace. PRIGANIK is specialized in providing training on various technologies namely: #Embedded Systems #Advance Embedded Systems (PIC, ARM, AVR) #VLSI-Design & Verification #Robotics #VHDL #Verilog-HDL #Systems Verilog (HVL) #Analog Circuit Designing (Spice Simulation) #MSP430 #PCB Designing #LabVIEW #MATLAB #MTech Thesis | Dissertation #AutoCAD #Catia
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: The training has following distinctive features: * Qualified & Certified Industry Professionals as Trainers/Faculty * Industry Collaboration & Awareness * Technical Panel from Industry in Different Domains * Upgraded Course Curriculum * Live Projects * Training Certificates and Project Letter * State of Art Infrastructure with well-equipped labs * One year membership card (for project and technical assistance)
In case of further queries, please feel free to contact us:
Printed circuit boards assembly and manufacturing The printed circuit board constitutes the most crucial part of the electronic device. It looks simple, but requires lots of planning, rigorous testing, meticulous manufacturing and succinct design make it. Generally, printed circuit board is the board or plate which is used to assemble various elements that are important for the electrical circuits which carries the electrical and technical connection between them. The electronic printed circuit board assembly brought the simplicity in equipment design. The design of the most powerful communication devices such as satellites, mobiles PCB Prototype Manufacturer, apart from laptops not possible to realize in the absence of those smart electronic circuit board assemblies.
Printed circuit boards:
It is one among the most essential component in the modern electronic devices such as PC, laptop, mobile and other devices. The invention of the Printed circuit board revolutionized the electronic devices, especially efficacy and size. It is actually made up of the insulated materials like fiberglass, composite epoxy, reinforced glass and also other laminated materials. The circuit board mechanically allows the electronic pathway. The conductive pathway is etched via various ways to ensure the connectivity. It also supports transistors, resistors and other circuits. The PCB can act as a foundation for many circuits.
Assembly:
The assembly of the circuit board is carried out in 2 methods. It is comprised of surface mount and hole through technique. A surface mount method various components are mounted between the different layers and leads are comprised to the surface that connect and finish the circuit. The assembly of surface mount is used for the multilayer PCBs. whereas hole through method, components needs to be mounted on boards are inserted via drilling in the board. This method component is fixed firmly and also withstands the physical pressure. The component connects to the board by using conductive paths and tracks. An advanced PCB assembly connection can be done by using high end machines. The assembly involves various stages, where each stage is compatible with the other stage. This helps to detect the issues easily and can adjust the process accordingly. In fact, the PCB assembly is efficient and affordable too.
Manufacturing:
The complex structure is fixed firmly in the circuit boards and so the manufacturing is the most crucial tasks. Printed circuits are available in different sizes based on the device being made and function of the device complexity. The larger boards are usually manufactured by the machines and some tiny boards are manually manufactured. The circuit board assembly has made a huge impact and changes in electronic gadget manufacturing industry. The crucial components of the circuit board production include CAM reading, design preparation, penalization, testing, inserting copper tracks, coating, lamination and printing. The penalization is usually used for manufacturing the tiny circuit broads Rigid flex PCB. Instead of making the circuit board one by one, making multiple circuit boards on the single large board and can separate it easily. The circuit board comprises of 2 types based on the manufacturing process multiple layered boards and single layered boards. There are various used to etch the copper tracks to mainly ensure the conducting pathways. Related Links
Information on Certified Internal Auditor Exam As the consequence of discoveries from a Job Analysis Study (JAS) for the CIA system directed in 2011, the Professional Certifications Board (PCB) and the Board of Directors of The IIA have affirmed two key updates to the project. The JAS discovered that the assembly of learning identified with the calling of inside reviewing has modified since the final exam substance redesign in 2004, and hence needs to be changed in accordance with reflect those progressions.
The first change will affect the exam structure, lessening the project from four to three exam parts. With the diminishment in parts China PCB Prototype, The IIA will be taking out the credit procurement beforehand pertinent to Part 4. The last change comprises of a realignment of the exam content diagram and address mean every part. Underneath is a concise outline of the new plot:
Part 1 Exam: Internal Auditing Basics. The time duration of this exam is two and a half hours. There are 125 questions. Topical center zones incorporate: 1.IIA Mandatory Guidance 2.Internal Control and Risk Tools and Techniques for Conducting the Audi
Part 2 Exam: Internal Audit Practice. The time duration for this exam is two hours and there are 100 questions. Topical center zones involve: 1.Managing the Internal Audit Function 2.Managing Individual Engagements 3.Fraud Risks and Controls
Part 3 Exam: Internal Audit Knowledge Elements Rigid flex PCB. The time duration for this exam is two hours and there are 100 questions. Topical center zones include: 1.Governance 2.Risk Management 3.Organizational Structure and Business Processes 4.Communication 5.Leadership 6.IT/Business Continuity 7.Financial Management 8.Global Business Environment
The new content and three-part exam structure are booked to be actualized by mid-2013. The IIA is presently attempting to conclude the move prepare for the individuals who are at present in the CIA program and do not complete the project before the usage of the new structure. Extra parts identified with the move methodology could be discovered in the reports underneath.
The new CIA exam Part 3 subjects tried incorporate administration and business morals; hazard administration; organizational structure, incorporating business forms and dangers; correspondence; administration and initiative standards; data innovation and business coherence; budgetary administration; and the worldwide nature's turf.
Syllabus The CIA exam tests candidates' skills and knowledge of current inside reviewing practices, dangers and controls, and significantly more. Simply the procedure of getting ready for the exam will improve their expert understanding and fortify your grip of The IIA's International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing Standards. Related Links
Grab The Best Deal On CCTV And LED Lightning At TradexGuru TradexGuru is a wholesale electronics seller dealing in gadgets and supplies them to the UK market. Tradexguru aims to source and provide the latest range of gadgets to customers.
Products like CCTV, LED lightning and android media players are high in demand. If you also want to buy such incredible products then do not waste time and contact TradexGuru immediately
Types of Products available:
Here at TradexGuru, you can procure the widest range of CCTV systems, Alarm Systems, LED Lightning, Android media players, Car video, tablet PC's, Security lights, and Apple accessories, etc.
If you are looking for your quality electronics then TradexGuru is the perfect destination.
The quality control at Tradexguru is important, all items are checked before they are shipped out to ensure they are received in perfect condition.
TradexGuru always updates its product inventory to source brand new items, that would be beneficial to customers. These are sold at an affordable price Rigid flex PCB, and the best thing about the price is that there is no hidden charge. Shipping is FREE + VAT is included.
Compared to other sellers of similar products from overseas, there are many hidden charges such as courier costs, Import tax, Custom charges, Documentation charges, all these costs mount up. Tradexguru takes care of all this and you just pay one simple cost, the cost advertised on our website.
All of the items are described accurately and have high quality images of the actual product you are purchasing.
Be sure to look every week as the range continues to expand, if you are looking at buying bulk purchases of items, you will be able to enjoy bigger discounts.
Overview of products and ranges on TradexGuru:
TradexGuru has many categories of products:
>> CCTV: CCTV Cameras Prototype PCB, Digital Video Recorders, PTZ Cameras, IP cameras, Hidden Cameras, Baluns, PTZ Controllers, cables. A huge range of professional equipment at affordable prices
>> LED Lighting: Interior accent lighting, exterior accent lighting, LED floodlights, LED Spotlights, LED remote controls, LED Strip lighting.
>> Car Accessories: GPS Systems, Bluetooth systems, Car stereos, Sat Nav, Car DVRs, Reversing Systems .
>> Video: Media players, Android TV, Projectors, LCD Screens
>> Apple Accessories: Cases, Covers, Batteries, Charges, Cables
>> PC Components: Hard disk Drives, Docking Stations & Caddys, USB port 2.0 3.0 upgrades, Sound cards, USB Mass Storage Keys Devices, Motherboards, PCB Repair kits and Accessories
Be sure to follow TradexGuru on Twitter and Facebook, as exclusive discounts are notified to users!
All Items come with a 7 day no quibble return or refund policy. Related Links
Electronic, The Journey of Its Development Electronics had its origination a long ago and since then it has been beneficial to the society. The invention of computers has proven to be one of the major successes in the Electronics Industry. The efficiency in people's work has greatly improved at home as well as in their office PCB Prototype. Speed, reliability, durability, efficiency are the major attributes of electronic devices. They have made the life simpler and easier for the people, saving a lot of time so that they can give more productive work. Electronic Devices can be seen in companies both private and public, personal homes, business houses and other organizations.To enhance the development of this course many reputed institutes are concentrating on promoting the study of Electronics Engineering. Students are nurtured properly and given appropriate knowledge through trained faculty and well equipped labs so that they develop a bright future in the same. Students need to keep track of the recent advancements in technology to keep their knowledge updated.
The current trends in Electronics are the Design trends and the EDA Tools. The IC and PCB engineers of china and Taiwan reveal these trends. Consumer Electronics is also an emerging concept which includes electronic equipment for everyday use. It is used for entertainment purposes, for communications and office productivity. Basic consumer electronic goods include telephones, personal computers and laptops, digital cameras, television, audio systems, MP3 players etc. The major advancements in these items are the ever falling prices which is a great challenge for all the competitors. Fluctuation in prices has been seen rapidly during the last few years. Also the attribute of connectivity is becoming very popular like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or Ethernet. It is very important to keep a product updated to meet the rising needs and demands of the customers.
There are other trends also like the Operational Amplifier, field replaceable unit and a car phone. An operational amplifier is an electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input but a single ended output. A field replaceable unit is a circuit board which can be easily removed from a personal computer or any other electronic equipment without sending it for repair to a technician and hence saving money. Car phone is a mobile phone fitted in an automobile. Car phones that are available include Nokia 810 and more recently the Motorola VC6096. These phones also use GSM networks, have colour screens and support high speed data connections as well as access to SIM cards.
The development of Electronics has been at a tremendous pace and its acceptability is also seen at a high rate. It has a wide variety of applications which cannot be counted. The scope of electronics include nuclear, consumer, marine, fuzzy, automotive, sense, loadline and brick electronics, electronic media, electronic communication and many more. The study of electronic engineering is seemingly important and justified Rigid flex PCB. Most of the branches like Electronics and Communication Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Applied Electronics, Electronics and Instrumentation, Information Technology have been introduced and even the students are taking them seriously and planning to make a future in it. Related Links
Cable assembly manufactures in the UK Leotronics have been established since 1990, a family run company that is staffed by experts. Whatever PCB connection, cable assemblies, telecom connectors, Cable Connectors, Electrical Connectors you require we can assist you. Feel free to contact us, via e-mail, phone, or our on line contact form. All our components are manufactured to the ISO 9000 standard with ISO-001: 2000, ISO 14001:2004 CSA certifications and RoHS compliant product. All Leotronics products are UL approved.
Leotronics produces cables to support the Automotive, Telecom, LED lighting, domestic, and surveillance industries. Offering low MOQ's and short lead-times from our UK and Fast East Warehouses Rigid flex PCB.
A family owned company founded in 1990, Leotronics has rapidly evolved into an internationally recognised electronics component & cable assemblies supplier, credited with a highly professional & progressive approach to our industry. A key resource we have made readily available to our customers, both in the domestic market and overseas, is the effectiveness in our technical support and superior level of customer service, whatever their location.
As a successful and expanding company, Leotronics is determined to continually grow and develop in the electronics industry and to keep ahead of market trends both at home and overseas . Teaming up with our European counterparts, such as the companies within the CONEXCON Group, proved to be an ideal opportunity and provided us with far greater insight and resources in terms of technical knowledge, purchasing power, warehousing, and financial potential, as well as creating additional in-roads into a greater, global market. We offer tailor made manufacturing for Telecom Connectors China Prototype PCB, Cable Connectors, Electrical Connectors and Cable Assemblies just to name a few.
Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a connect/disconnect capability is required. The basic connector unit is a connector assembly. A connector assembly consists of an adapter and two connector plugs. Due to the polishing and tuning procedures that may be incorporated into optical connector manufacturing, connectors are generally assembled onto optical fiber in a supplier's manufacturing facility. However, the assembly and polishing operations involved can be performed in the field, for example, to make cross-connect jumpers to size.
CONEXCON is an association of several European Companies, from different countries, brought together to consolidate their position in the field of Electronic Connector Manufacturing and Distribution, particularly where global circulation is concerned. This alliance of companies was formed due to the increased need for greater versatility both in the European Community and in the world wide market as a whole. And although the name 'Conexcon' is new, the Companies involved with the Conexcon Group have over 100 years of experience between them in this field. Custom made ribbon cable assemblies, Leotronics is fully equipped to competitively manufacture a vast range of Flat Ribbon Cable Assemblies, with samples made up on-site we are able to offer a 24 hour turn-around. Production quantities start as little as 50's off. Standard female IDC using glass filled polyester UL94V-0, are available with or without strain relief, can be made up to your specific length with a current rating of 1A DC, AC. Incorporating either the male DIP socket or daisy chain. All connectors and cable used conform to UL rating. Related Links
Alkylglycerols- Have You Had Yours Today? Important Addition to Supplementing With Omega 3 EPA DHA This often over-looked healing oil ranks up there in importance with Omega 3 EPA DHA Rigid flex PCB. Alkylglycerols (AKG's) ought to be blazing across our headlines, too, and while they've taken a back seat to Omega 3's, they are critically important to strengthening our damaged immune systems.
Norwegian fisherman used shark liver oil for centuries for topical wounds, rubbed on their chest for colds, and internally to prevent disease and stay healthy. 97 years ago, scientists from as far away as Japan to the US, began pooling their research together identifying the healing property in shark liver oil as alkylglycerols. AKG's were also found in cow's milk to a small degree, and more surprisingly, when compared to the milk of nursing women, the AKG's were ten times higher.
The infinite wisdom of God, Mother Nature (or whatever deity you believe in) placed AKG's that help a newborn establish a strong immune system in the liver oil of these sharks. As medical research progressed through the years, healing benefits of AKG's in numerous diseases, cancer (prostate, ovarian, breast, other tumors) arthritis, allergies, diabetes, asthma, burns, and skin diseases began to be documented in thousands of clinical and patient studies. AKG's naturally boost our immune systems to levels we once knew before our environment caused deterioration.
It has to be a bottom dwelling shark that swims at 3,500 to 5,000 feet below the ocean surface. This is extremely important for it is these cold water creatures that have developed strong immune systems from their cold underwater environment. They are accidentally netted by deep sea fishermen who harvest their livers immediately. Having 80 to often 90 babies each year, the population on the ocean floor is teeming and promises to stay that way for decades to come. And with their livers stretching the length of their 6' feet bodies, they yield substantial amounts of highly potent AKG's.
Labs throughout Scandinavian countries contract with the fisherman to procure the livers. They are then delivered to the lab, hopefully a pharmaceutical grade lab, where the properties are extracted and purified through a molecular distillation process removing PCB's, heavy metals and pesticides rendering the oil safe and pure for consumption China Prototype PCB. As with Omega 3's, it is essential to know the quality of the lab, the source of the shark and the purification process.
This often overlooked amazing oil and the healing benefits it offers begs for more exposure in our news today. Related Links
PCBs - The World's Greatest Hidden Threat PCB's are a major threat to world health yet their hardly dicsussed in terms of major world problems. Lets look at the facts PCB - or PolyChlorinated Biphenyls was a great step forward for industrial chemistry. They were widely marketed in the 1930s onward and have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment because they don't burn easily and are good insulators. Products made before 1977 (in the United States and Europe) that may contain PCBs include old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices containing PCB capacitors, and old microscope and hydraulic oils. The manufacture of PCBs was stopped in the US in 1977 because of massive evidence that PCBs build up in the environment and can cause harmful health effects. The truth is that PCBs are extremely stable in the environment and do not biodegrade Rigid flex PCB. They are a pollutant without equal. PCBs were used because of their special qualities, such as: o low vapor pressure o EXTREME stability, non-biodegradability o high boiling point: 278 to 415 C o low solubility in water: 20 C, 15 ppb o good solubility in many organic solvents and in lubricants o good thermal conduction o high dielectric constant o high-temperature resistance However flex PCB, as an environmental pollutant it is unequalled, and it accumulates in animal tissue with resultant pathogenic and teratogenic effects. It is unquestionably carcinogenic, and under certain conditions converts to dioxin, a highly toxic poison. PCBs were used (and are still used) as coolants and lubricants in transformers, capacitors, and other electrical equipment because they don't burn easily and are good insulators. But the transformers (you can see transformers on electrical transmissions poles, or at any generating or electrical transmission location), will "leak" after a time, and the PCBs make their way into the environment. But not only. PCBs will enter the air, water, and soil during their manufacture, use, and disposal. They can enter the environment from accidental spills during the transformers servicing or their transport. PCBs can still be (and are) released to the environment from normal or hazardous waste sites; from the illegal or improper disposal of industrial wastes and consumer products. PCBs commonly enter the environment by the improper burning of old electrical transformers containing PCBs in municipal incinerators Perhaps the worst form of entering the environment is from illegal dumping. In countries like Greece, the Army, Navy and even the Public Power Corporation would dismantle the old transformers and dump the PCBs into the sea, or shallow pits in desolate areas. How many other countries have been also guilty of this activity? There Goes the Sushi! PCBs once into the environment will bind strongly to soil. PCBs exposed to the air can also travel long distances and be deposited in areas far away from the pollution site (polluters seem to know this phenomenon). If dumped in the water, only small amounts of PCBs may become dissolved. The rest usually bind to organic particles and bottom sediments. As a natural process then, the PCBs are ingested by small organisms and fish in water. They are naturally then ingested by other animals that eat these smaller animals as food. Its is an established fact that PCBs accumulate in fish and marine mammals tissue, and reach levels that may be many thousands of times higher than in water. A test on any fish caught in the wild (or farmed for that matter) will show levels of PCBs now, and is proof of contamination of the sea. What Does PCB do to you? Due perhaps to its wide negative political effect, PCB damage is not as studied or reported as it should be. Dioxin (which PCB can revert to) is a highly toxic and poisonous chemical damaging the liver and easily causing death. There are many studies which show that PBCs cause cancer, birth defects, and other debilitating illnesses. Damage to the liver is a given effect. It is in your food chain and cooking will not purge it from the food. It is in vegetables and fish, meat and chicken. And some countries still use it, and some industrialized countries wish to send their old PCB to underdeveloped countries for easy disposal. Related Links
An Overview of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Fabrication Process In 1936, the first printed circuit board (PCB) was created by Paul Eisle. But it wasn't until the 1950s when the . Defense industry began integrating PCBs in their bomb detonator systems that printed circuit boards found wide application. PCBs are now used in nearly all manufactured products such as, automobiles, cellular telephones, personal computers, among others. A Summary of the PCB Fabrication Processes PCBs are initially fabricated with the use of two types of software China Prototype PCB. Computer Aided Design (CAD) software is used to design the electronic schematic of the circuit to be produced. After the schematic is designed, Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software is used by engineers to produce the PCB prototype. Once the PCB prototype is designed, the first step in the fabrication process is to select the material of the printed circuit board. There are many different types of PCB materials available, but the popular ones, based on the application and a customer's requirements, include: Alumina, Arlon, Bakelite, CEM1, CEM5, Ceramic, FR1, FR4, FR4 High Temperature, GeTek, Nelco, Polyimide and design requirement dictates the dimensions of the PCB (., length, width and thickness). After the material has been selected, the first process is to apply a coating of copper to the entire board. The circuit layout will then be printed on the board by a photosensitive process. Then, a photo engraving process will be used so that all the copper that is not part of the circuit layout will be etched out or removed from the board. The resulting copper creates the traces or tracks of the PCB circuit. To connect the circuit traces, two processes are used. A mechanical milling process will use CNC machines to remove the unnecessary copper from the board. Then, an etch-resistant, silk-screen, printing process is applied to cover the regions where traces must exist. At this point in the PCB fabrication process, the PCB board contains copper traces without any circuit components. To mount the components, holes must be drilled at the points where the electrical and electronics parts are placed on the board. The holes are drilled with either lasers or a special kind of drill bit made of Tungsten Carbide. Once the holes are drilled, hollow rivets are inserted into them or they are coated by an electroplating process, which creates the electrical connection between the layers of the board. A masking material is then applied to coat the entire PCB with the exception of the pads and the holes Rigid flex PCB. There are many types of masking material such as, lead solder, lead free solder, OSP (Entek), deep/hard gold (electrolytic nickel gold), immersion gold (electroless nickel gold - ENIG), wire bondable gold ( pure gold), immersion silver, flash gold, immersion tin (white tin), carbon ink, and SN 100CL, an alloy of tin, copper, and nickel. The final step in the PCB fabrication process is to screen print the board so labels and the legend appear at their proper locations. Testing the Quality of the PCB Board Prior to placing the electrical and electronic components on the PCB, the board should be tested to verify its functionality. In general, there are two types of malfunctions that can cause a faulty PCB: a short or an open. A "short" is a connection between two or more circuit points that should not exist. An "open" is a point where a connection should exist but does not. These faults must be corrected before the PCB is assembled. Unfortunately, some PCB manufacturers do not test their boards before they are shipped, which can lead to problems at the customer's location. So, quality testing is a critical process of the PCB fabrication process. Testing ensures the PCB boards are in proper working condition prior to component placement. Related Links
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